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The Mamluk Sultanate ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517. Its slave-soldier elites seized power and built a powerful military state. The Mamluks defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and expelled the Crusaders.
Their economy and military declined after the 15th century. The Ottomans defeated them in 1516 and 1517. Egypt then became an Ottoman province.