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The Mfecane was a period of widespread warfare and migration in southern Africa in the early 19th century. It was triggered by competition over land, trade, and the rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka. Many communities were displaced or destroyed.
The Mfecane reshaped the region's demographics and politics. It created new states and migrations that spread across modern South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Historians still debate its causes and scale.