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Celtiberian Iberia describes the mixed Celtic and Iberian peoples of central and northern Spain before Roman conquest. They lived in fortified hill towns and were known for fierce resistance, especially at Numantia. Their culture blended local Iberian and incoming Celtic elements.
Rome took centuries to subdue the region, ending with the fall of Numantia in 133 BCE. Afterwards, Iberia became a wealthy Roman province, producing metals, olive oil, and soldiers. Native languages faded under Latin rule.