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The Hellenistic kingdoms were the successor states created after Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE. Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Syria, and Antigonid Macedon were the largest. They blended Greek rule with local Persian, Egyptian, and Indian traditions.
These kingdoms fought constant wars and slowly lost territory to Rome and Parthia. Their cities spread Greek language and learning across the Near East. By the 1st century BCE, Rome had absorbed most of them.