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The Carolingian Empire was founded by Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor in 800. It covered modern France, Germany, Italy, and the Low Countries. Charlemagne promoted education, law, and Christian reform.
After his death, the empire was divided among heirs by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. It then fragmented into West Francia, East Francia, and Lotharingia. These divisions helped shape later France and Germany.