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The Mexican Empire was created in 1821 after independence from Spain. AgustÃn de Iturbide became emperor but was overthrown in 1823. The First Mexican Republic then faced instability, regional conflicts, and economic problems.
The republic lost Texas and much of its north to the United States in the 1840s. Political chaos continued until the reform era and French intervention. The monarchy was briefly restored under Maximilian in the 1860s.